MySQL学习笔记
文章目录
1 课程目标
• 了解 GBase 8c 分布式版本高级语法涵义和使用方法，掌握并熟练使用。
• 存储引擎
• 分区表的各种组合 • 索引多样化
• 数据压缩
• 子事务
2 存储引擎
—2.1 目前支持
• USTORE，表示表支持Inplace-Update 存储引擎。
• ASTORE，表示表支持Append-Only 存储引擎。
—2.2 支持三种存储方法
• ROW，表示表的数据将以行式存储。
行存储适合于OLTP业务，适用于点查询或者增删操作比较多的场景。
• COLUMN，表示表的数据将以列式存储。
列存储适合于数据仓库业务，此类型的表上会做大量的汇聚计算，且涉及的列操作较少。
• MOT，表示表的数据将以内存的形式存储。
MOT 内存适用于高吞吐事务处理，性能瓶颈加速，消除中间层缓存，大规模流数据提取。
1：创建表时，指定 orientation 参数值为 row，创建行存表。
示例： create table test_astore_row(col text) with (orientation=row) ;
2：创建表时，指定 orientation 参数值为 column，创建列存表。
create table test_astore_column(col text) with (orientation=column);
3：创建表时，create foreign table ... server 为 mot_server时，创建内存表。
create foreign table test_astore_mot(col int) server mot_server ;
4：创建表时，指定 storage_type 参数值为 ustore，创建 ustore 表。
create table test_ustore(col text) with (storage_type=ustore);
当sql语句不做指定时，默认使用 astore 存储引擎，row 存储方法。
—2.3 示例
3 分区表
—3.1 介绍
GBase 8c 需要将数据按照一定规律分布到各个数据节点，目前支持 hash 分片。
在此基础上，分区表功能，支持二级分区，9种分区组合，interval 分区。即 分片+分区 功能。
—3.2 表分片
GBase 8c的数据分片策略：在创建表时，通过关键字distribute/replication 来设置表分片策略。
1：通过distribute by hash 创建 hash 分片表，将数据通过hash算法 均匀存储到每个数据节点。
CREATE TABLE t1_dis(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY hash(c1);
2：通过distribute by replication 创建 复制表，每个数据节点都会存储一份数据。
CREATE TABLE t1_rep(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY replication;
备注：在不指定时，默认使用hash分片，分布式键按照顺序为第一个满足hash算法的字段。
示例：
—3.3 hash 分片
hash 分片，hash 一级分区，hash-list，hash-hash，hash-range 二级分区
分区示例如下：
—3.4 range分区
hash 分片，range 一级分区，range-range，range-hash,range-list 二级分区。
分区示例如下：
—3.5 list分区
hash分片，list一级分区，list-list，list-range，list-hash 二级分区
分区示例如下：
—3.6 interval 分区
interval 分区：根据间隔自动创建分区，例如：1 day、1 month。（主备式）
CREATE TABLE sales(prod_id NUMBER(6),cust_id NUMBER,time_id DATE,channel_id
CHAR(1),promo_id NUMBER(6),quantity_sold NUMBER(3),amount_sold NUMBER(10,2))
PARTITION BY RANGE (time_id) INTERVAL('1 day')
( PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN ('2019-02-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN ('2019-02-02 00:00:00')
);
—3.7 分区自动管理
分区自动管理：根据间隔自动创建分区，例如：1 day、1 month。（分布式）
语法：建表时增加 WITH， 或者通过 ALTER TABLE xxx SET (PERIOD='1 day')来实现。
（其中 PERIOD范围是 1 hour ~ 1 year）。通过ALTER TABLE xxx RESET (PERIOD)来关闭。
限制：仅支持RANGE分区的一级分区表 （其他分区类型，以及带有二级分区的表不支持）
效果：从当前命令时间（向下规约到hour）算起，连续增加能覆盖30个period时间范围 的分区，每个分区大小为period。如果现有分区在待新增的分区范围内，则跳过此新增分 区。且每隔period时间后再次执行此流程。
create table range_auto_1hour_tb01(id int,ip text,time timestamp)
with(PERIOD='1 hour') partition by range(time)( partition p1 values less than ('2022-11-23 14:00:00'));
示例：
4 索引类型
—4.1 介绍
GBase 8c 提供了多种索引类型：hash，B-tree，gist，gin。每一种索引类型使用了一种不同的算 法来适应不同类型的查询。
B-tree —— 适合所有的数据类型，支持排序，支持大于、小于、等于、大于或等于、小于或 等于的搜索。
hash —— 索引存储的是被索引字段VALUE的哈希值，只支持等值查询。
Gist(Generalized Search Tree) —— 即通用搜索树。可处理地理数据、图像，空间，树形图 等场景。
gin —— gin索引是“倒排索引”。应用领域是加速全文搜索。
默认情况下，create index 使用B-tree 索引并适合于大部分情况。
—4.2 B-tree 索引
btree索引常常用来进行例如大于、小于、等于这些操作。 通过语法：create index ... using btree(column) 。指定使用btree索引。
—4.3 gist 索引
地理数据、图像：如果我们想要查询在某个地方是否存在某一点，即判断地理位置的"包含“。
对于空间数据，GiST索引可以使用 R树，以支持相对位置运算符（位于左侧，右侧，包含等）。
对于树形图，R树可以支持相交或包含运算符。
通过语法：create index ... using gist(column) 。指定使用gist索引。
示例：
—4.4 gin 索引
当需要搜索多值类型内的VALUE时，适合多值类型，例如数组、全文检索、TOKEN。 （根据不同的类型，支持相交、包含、大于、在左边、在右边等搜索）。
通过语法：create index ... using gin(column) 。指定使用 gin 索引。
5 数据压缩
行存表 创建表时通过关键字 compresstype，可实现数据压缩，减少磁盘的占用。
create table test_row_compress(col text) with ( compresstype = 2, COMPRESS_LEVEL = 3);
◾ COMPRESSTYPE
行存表参数，设置行存表压缩算法。1代表pglz算法，2代表zstd算法，默认不压缩。（仅支持 ASTORE下的普通表）
取值范围：0~2，默认值为0。
◾ COMPRESS_LEVEL
行存表参数，设置行存表压缩算法等级，仅当COMPRESS_TYPE为2时生效。压缩等级越高，表 的压缩效果越好，表的访问速度越慢。（仅支持ASTORE下的普通表）
取值范围：-31~31，默认值为0。
示例：
列存表 创建表时通过关键字 compression，可实现数据压缩，减少磁盘的占用。
示例：create table test_compress(col text) with (orientation=column,compression=high);
◾ COMPRESSION：
指定表数据的压缩级别，它决定了表数据的压缩比以及压缩时间。一般来讲，压缩级别越高，压 缩比也越大，压缩时间也越长；反之亦然。实际压缩比取决于加载的表数据的分布特征。行存表 不支持压缩。
取值范围：
列存表的有效值为YES/NO/LOW/MIDDLE/HIGH，默认值为LOW。
示例：
6 子事务
子事务允许你回滚部分已经事务中完成的工作。可通过关键字 SAVEPOINT,EXCEPTION， Autonomous Transaction 启动子事务。
7 自治事务
自治事务（Autonomous Transaction）,在主事务执行过程中新启的独立的事务。自治事 务的提交和回滚不会影响已提交的数据，同时 自治事务也不受主事务的影响。
自治事务在存储过程，函数和匿名块中定义， 用 PARAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION 关键字来 声明。
8 操作示例
/* ***************************************************** 以下命令为 linux 命令 ************************************************** */
--- su 命令切换到数据库用户 gbase，如果当前用户已为 gbase 用户，则忽略此条命令。
su - gbase
--- linux 命令：在安装节点（即执行gha_ctl start/stop 所在的节点） 执行 gs_guc 命令 修改数据库参数
gs_guc reload -Z coordinator -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z datanode -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z gtm -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z coordinator -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
gs_guc reload -Z datanode -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
gs_guc reload -Z gtm -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
--- linux 命令：重启数据库加载数据库参数
gha_ctl stop all -l http://192.168.1.2:2379
gha_ctl start all -l http://192.168.1.2:2379
--- linux 命令：gsql 使用默认端口 连接数据库
gsql -d postgres -r -p 15432
/* ****************************************************** 以下都为sql命令 ******************************************************* */
--- gsql 连接成功后，将以下 sql 逐条在gsql中执行，进行验证。（若使用dbeaver工具，dbeaver 连接成功后，复制粘贴以下sql 执行进行验证）
---------存储引擎
---astore
drop table if exists test_astore_row ;
drop table if exists test_astore_column ;
drop foreign table if exists test_astore_mot ;
--- 创建 astore 行存表
create table test_astore_row(col text) with (orientation=row) ;
--- 创建 astore 列存表
create table test_astore_column(col text) with (orientation=column);
--- 创建 astore 内存表
create foreign table test_astore_mot(col int) server mot_server ;
---ustore
drop table if exists test_ustore ;
create table test_ustore(col text)with(storage_type=ustore);
--- GBase 8c的数据分片策略：在创建表时，通过关键字distribute/replication 来设置表分片策略。
--- 1：通过distribute by hash 创建 hash 分片表，将数据通过hash算法 均匀存储到每个数据节点。创建hash分片
drop table if exists t1_dis ;
CREATE TABLE t1_dis(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY hash(c1);
--- 2：通过distribute by replication 创建 复制表，每个数据节点都会存储一份数据。
drop table if exists t1_rep ;
CREATE TABLE t1_rep(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY replication;
-- 分区表
-- 一级 hash 分区
drop table if exists mea_hash cascade;
create table mea_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int ) partition by hash(id) ( partition p1 , partition p2 );
--二级分区 hash-list,hash-hash, hash-range
drop table if exists mea_hash_list cascade;
create table mea_hash_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 (subpartition p12 values (10),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
drop table if exists mea_hash_hash cascade;
create table mea_hash_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 (subpartition p12 ,subpartition p13) );
drop table if exists mea_hash_range cascade;
create table mea_hash_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 (subpartition p12 values less than ('2021-02-04 12:00:00'),subpartition p13 values less than ('2021-02-04 20:00:00') ));
-- 一级 range 分区
drop table if exists mea_range cascade;
create table mea_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp) partition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 values less than ('2021-01-01') );
--二级 range-range, range-hash,range-list
drop table if exists mea_range_range cascade;
create table mea_range_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by range(id) ( partition meas_y2021 values less than ('2021-02-04 21:00:00') (subpartition p12 values less than (1),subpartition p13 values less than (10) ));
drop table if exists mea_range_hash cascade;
create table mea_range_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 values less than ('2021-02-01 01:00:00') (subpartition p12,subpartition p13) );
drop table if exists mea_range_list cascade;
create table mea_range_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 values less than ('2021-02-01 01:00:00') (subpartition p12 values (1),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
-- 一级 list 分区
drop table if exists mea_list cascade;
create table mea_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int ) partition by list(id) ( partition p1 values (1), partition p2 values (2) );
--期望支持.成功执行
-- 二级 list-list,list-range,list-hash 分区
drop table if exists mea_list_list cascade;
create table mea_list_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 values (1) (subpartition p12 values (10),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
drop table if exists mea_list_range cascade;
create table mea_list_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 values ('202102') (subpartition p12 values less than ('2021-02-04 12:00:00'),subpartition p13 values less than ('2021-02-04 20:00:00') ));
drop table if exists mea_list_hash cascade;
create table mea_list_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 values (2021) (subpartition p12,subpartition p13) );
------------数据库分区查看
with RECURSIVE temp_partition as(
SELECT t1.oid, t1.relname, partstrategy, boundaries,t1.parttype FROM pg_partition t1, pg_class t2 WHERE t1.parentid = t2.oid AND t2.relname = 'mea_hash_hash'
union
SELECT t1.oid, t1.relname, t1.partstrategy, t1.boundaries,t1.parttype FROM pg_partition t1 join temp_partition t2 on t1.parentid = t2.oid where t2.parttype='p')
select t1.relname, t1.partstrategy, t1.boundaries,t1.parttype from temp_partition t1;
--- 自动分区功能，请注意：创建分表时，子分区必须要有一个 大于当前时间 2小时的 分区。时间需按照实际时间 进行修改。
create table range_auto_1hour_tb01(id int,ip text,time timestamp) with(PERIOD='1 hour') partition by range(time)( partition p1 values less than ('2023-02-23 19:00'));
select * from dba_tab_partitions where table_name = 'RANGE_AUTO_1HOUR_TB01';
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(1,'12','2023-2-18 09:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-18 10:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-19 18:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-19 19:00:00');
--多种索引
--hash 索引
create table rw_split(col int,name text);
insert into rw_split select generate_series(1,50000), md5(random()::text)::text;
create index rw_split_col_hash on rw_split using hash(col);
explain select * from rw_split where col =2;
-----------------btree 索引
drop index rw_split_col_hash;
create index rw_split_col_btree on rw_split using btree(col);
explain select * from rw_split where col =2;
---------------gist 索引
drop table if exists t_gist;
create table t_gist(id int,p point);
insert into t_gist select generate_series(1,10000),point(round((random()*1000)::numeric,2),round((random()*1000)::numeric,2));
select * from t_gist limit 2;
create index on t_gist using gist(p);
explain (analyze,buffers) select * from t_gist where circle '((100,100) 1)' @> p order by p <-> '(100,100)' limit 10; ---在 100，100 点，半径10 以内的点。
---------------gin索引
drop table if exists t_gin;
create table t_gin(doc text, doc_tsv tsvector);
insert into t_gin(doc) values
('Can a sheet slitter slit sheets?'),
('How many sheets could a sheet slitter slit?'),
('I slit a sheet, a sheet I slit.'),
('Upon a slitted sheet I sit.'),
('Whoever slit the sheets is a good sheet slitter.'),
('I am a sheet slitter.'),
('I slit sheets.'),
('I am the sleekest sheet slitter that ever slit sheets.'),
('She slits the sheet she sits on.');
update t_gin set doc_tsv = to_tsvector(doc);
create index on t_gin using gin(doc_tsv);
--- 为了效果，手动关闭顺序扫描。
set enable_seqscan=off;
explain(costs off) select doc from t_gin where doc_tsv @@ to_tsquery('many & slitter');
--------------表达式索引
create table test_expression(col int, name varchar(64));
insert into test_expression select 1,'ASDD';
insert into test_expression select 2,'ASDD';
insert into test_expression select 3,'AS';
insert into test_expression select 4,'ASsda';
insert into test_expression select 5,'ASdssa';
insert into test_expression select 6,'Asds';
insert into test_expression select 7,'Assa';
insert into test_expression select 8,'as';
explain select * from test_expression where lower(name) ='as';
create index on test_expression (name);
create index test_expression_lower on test_expression (lower(name));
explain select * from test_expression where lower(name) ='as';
-----------数据压缩
---- 行存压缩
drop table if exists test_row_compress;
create table test_row_compress(col text);
insert into test_row_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_row_compress'));
drop table if exists test_row_compress;
create table test_row_compress(col text) with (compresstype = 2,compress_level= 3);
insert into test_row_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_row_compress'));
---- 列存压缩
drop table test_column_compress;
create table test_column_compress(col text) with (orientation=column,compression=no);
insert into test_column_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_column_compress'));
drop table test_column_compress;
create table test_column_compress(col text) with (orientation=column,compression=high);
insert into test_column_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_column_compress'));
----------------------子事务
-----自治事务
create table t2(a int,b int); insert into t2 values(1,2); select * from t2;
create or replace procedure autonomus_4(a int ,b int) as
declare
num3 int =a; num4 int =b;
pragma autonomous_transaction;
begin insert into t2 values (num3,num4); end;
/
create or replace procedure autonomus_5(a int ,b int) as
declare
begin insert into t2 values (444,55);autonomus_4(a,b);rollback; end;
/
select autonomus_5(11,22);
select * from t2;
-----------savepoint
--设置保存点
--创建表
drop table if exists savepoint_test;
create table savepoint_test(a int primary key,b int) ;
--开始事务
start transaction;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(1,2);
--创建保存点
savepoint test_savepoint;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(2,2);
--查看表中数据
select * from savepoint_test;
--回滚保存点
rollback to savepoint test_savepoint;
--查看表中数据(只能查到(1,1)，(2,2)被回滚)
select * from savepoint_test;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(3,3);
--提交事务
commit;
--查看表中数据(=能查到(1,1)、(3,3)，(2,2)被回滚)
select * from savepoint_test;
--删除测试表savepoint_test
drop table savepoint_test;
--------exception
create type type_test as (a int,b int);
create or replace procedure p1
as
c int;
begin
select a into c from type_test;
exception
when others then
raise 'NULL' ;
end;
/
call p1();
/* ***************************************************** 以下命令为 linux 命令 ************************************************** */
--- su 命令切换到数据库用户 gbase，如果当前用户已为 gbase 用户，则忽略此条命令。
su - gbase
--- linux 命令：在安装节点（即执行gha_ctl start/stop 所在的节点） 执行 gs_guc 命令 修改数据库参数
gs_guc reload -Z coordinator -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z datanode -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z gtm -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z coordinator -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
gs_guc reload -Z datanode -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
gs_guc reload -Z gtm -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
--- linux 命令：重启数据库加载数据库参数
gha_ctl stop all -l http://192.168.1.2:2379
gha_ctl start all -l http://192.168.1.2:2379
--- linux 命令：gsql 使用默认端口 连接数据库
gsql -d postgres -r -p 15432
/* ****************************************************** 以下都为sql命令 ******************************************************* */
--- gsql 连接成功后，将以下 sql 逐条在gsql中执行，进行验证。（若使用dbeaver工具，dbeaver 连接成功后，复制粘贴以下sql 执行进行验证）
---------存储引擎
---astore
drop table if exists test_astore_row ;
drop table if exists test_astore_column ;
drop foreign table if exists test_astore_mot ;
--- 创建 astore 行存表
create table test_astore_row(col text) with (orientation=row) ;
--- 创建 astore 列存表
create table test_astore_column(col text) with (orientation=column);
--- 创建 astore 内存表
create foreign table test_astore_mot(col int) server mot_server ;
---ustore
drop table if exists test_ustore ;
create table test_ustore(col text)with(storage_type=ustore);
--- GBase 8c的数据分片策略：在创建表时，通过关键字distribute/replication 来设置表分片策略。
--- 1：通过distribute by hash 创建 hash 分片表，将数据通过hash算法 均匀存储到每个数据节点。创建hash分片
drop table if exists t1_dis ;
CREATE TABLE t1_dis(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY hash(c1);
--- 2：通过distribute by replication 创建 复制表，每个数据节点都会存储一份数据。
drop table if exists t1_rep ;
CREATE TABLE t1_rep(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY replication;
-- 分区表
-- 一级 hash 分区
drop table if exists mea_hash cascade;
create table mea_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int ) partition by hash(id) ( partition p1 , partition p2 );
--二级分区 hash-list,hash-hash, hash-range
drop table if exists mea_hash_list cascade;
create table mea_hash_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 (subpartition p12 values (10),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
drop table if exists mea_hash_hash cascade;
create table mea_hash_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 (subpartition p12 ,subpartition p13) );
drop table if exists mea_hash_range cascade;
create table mea_hash_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 (subpartition p12 values less than ('2021-02-04 12:00:00'),subpartition p13 values less than ('2021-02-04 20:00:00') ));
-- 一级 range 分区
drop table if exists mea_range cascade;
create table mea_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp) partition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 values less than ('2021-01-01') );
--二级 range-range, range-hash,range-list
drop table if exists mea_range_range cascade;
create table mea_range_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by range(id) ( partition meas_y2021 values less than ('2021-02-04 21:00:00') (subpartition p12 values less than (1),subpartition p13 values less than (10) ));
drop table if exists mea_range_hash cascade;
create table mea_range_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 values less than ('2021-02-01 01:00:00') (subpartition p12,subpartition p13) );
drop table if exists mea_range_list cascade;
create table mea_range_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 values less than ('2021-02-01 01:00:00') (subpartition p12 values (1),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
-- 一级 list 分区
drop table if exists mea_list cascade;
create table mea_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int ) partition by list(id) ( partition p1 values (1), partition p2 values (2) );
--期望支持.成功执行
-- 二级 list-list,list-range,list-hash 分区
drop table if exists mea_list_list cascade;
create table mea_list_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 values (1) (subpartition p12 values (10),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
drop table if exists mea_list_range cascade;
create table mea_list_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 values ('202102') (subpartition p12 values less than ('2021-02-04 12:00:00'),subpartition p13 values less than ('2021-02-04 20:00:00') ));
drop table if exists mea_list_hash cascade;
create table mea_list_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 values (2021) (subpartition p12,subpartition p13) );
------------数据库分区查看
with RECURSIVE temp_partition as(
SELECT t1.oid, t1.relname, partstrategy, boundaries,t1.parttype FROM pg_partition t1, pg_class t2 WHERE t1.parentid = t2.oid AND t2.relname = 'mea_hash_hash'
union
SELECT t1.oid, t1.relname, t1.partstrategy, t1.boundaries,t1.parttype FROM pg_partition t1 join temp_partition t2 on t1.parentid = t2.oid where t2.parttype='p')
select t1.relname, t1.partstrategy, t1.boundaries,t1.parttype from temp_partition t1;
--- 自动分区功能，请注意：创建分表时，子分区必须要有一个 大于当前时间 2小时的 分区。时间需按照实际时间 进行修改。
create table range_auto_1hour_tb01(id int,ip text,time timestamp) with(PERIOD='1 hour') partition by range(time)( partition p1 values less than ('2023-02-23 19:00'));
select * from dba_tab_partitions where table_name = 'RANGE_AUTO_1HOUR_TB01';
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(1,'12','2023-2-18 09:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-18 10:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-19 18:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-19 19:00:00');
--多种索引
--hash 索引
create table rw_split(col int,name text);
insert into rw_split select generate_series(1,50000), md5(random()::text)::text;
create index rw_split_col_hash on rw_split using hash(col);
explain select * from rw_split where col =2;
-----------------btree 索引
drop index rw_split_col_hash;
create index rw_split_col_btree on rw_split using btree(col);
explain select * from rw_split where col =2;
---------------gist 索引
drop table if exists t_gist;
create table t_gist(id int,p point);
insert into t_gist select generate_series(1,10000),point(round((random()*1000)::numeric,2),round((random()*1000)::numeric,2));
select * from t_gist limit 2;
create index on t_gist using gist(p);
explain (analyze,buffers) select * from t_gist where circle '((100,100) 1)' @> p order by p <-> '(100,100)' limit 10; ---在 100，100 点，半径10 以内的点。
---------------gin索引
drop table if exists t_gin;
create table t_gin(doc text, doc_tsv tsvector);
insert into t_gin(doc) values
('Can a sheet slitter slit sheets?'),
('How many sheets could a sheet slitter slit?'),
('I slit a sheet, a sheet I slit.'),
('Upon a slitted sheet I sit.'),
('Whoever slit the sheets is a good sheet slitter.'),
('I am a sheet slitter.'),
('I slit sheets.'),
('I am the sleekest sheet slitter that ever slit sheets.'),
('She slits the sheet she sits on.');
update t_gin set doc_tsv = to_tsvector(doc);
create index on t_gin using gin(doc_tsv);
--- 为了效果，手动关闭顺序扫描。
set enable_seqscan=off;
explain(costs off) select doc from t_gin where doc_tsv @@ to_tsquery('many & slitter');
--------------表达式索引
create table test_expression(col int, name varchar(64));
insert into test_expression select 1,'ASDD';
insert into test_expression select 2,'ASDD';
insert into test_expression select 3,'AS';
insert into test_expression select 4,'ASsda';
insert into test_expression select 5,'ASdssa';
insert into test_expression select 6,'Asds';
insert into test_expression select 7,'Assa';
insert into test_expression select 8,'as';
explain select * from test_expression where lower(name) ='as';
create index on test_expression (name);
create index test_expression_lower on test_expression (lower(name));
explain select * from test_expression where lower(name) ='as';
-----------数据压缩
---- 行存压缩
drop table if exists test_row_compress;
create table test_row_compress(col text);
insert into test_row_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_row_compress'));
drop table if exists test_row_compress;
create table test_row_compress(col text) with (compresstype = 2,compress_level= 3);
insert into test_row_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_row_compress'));
---- 列存压缩
drop table test_column_compress;
create table test_column_compress(col text) with (orientation=column,compression=no);
insert into test_column_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_column_compress'));
drop table test_column_compress;
create table test_column_compress(col text) with (orientation=column,compression=high);
insert into test_column_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_column_compress'));
----------------------子事务
-----自治事务
create table t2(a int,b int); insert into t2 values(1,2); select * from t2;
create or replace procedure autonomus_4(a int ,b int) as
declare
num3 int =a; num4 int =b;
pragma autonomous_transaction;
begin insert into t2 values (num3,num4); end;
/
create or replace procedure autonomus_5(a int ,b int) as
declare
begin insert into t2 values (444,55);autonomus_4(a,b);rollback; end;
/
select autonomus_5(11,22);
select * from t2;
-----------savepoint
--设置保存点
--创建表
drop table if exists savepoint_test;
create table savepoint_test(a int primary key,b int) ;
--开始事务
start transaction;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(1,2);
--创建保存点
savepoint test_savepoint;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(2,2);
--查看表中数据
select * from savepoint_test;
--回滚保存点
rollback to savepoint test_savepoint;
--查看表中数据(只能查到(1,1)，(2,2)被回滚)
select * from savepoint_test;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(3,3);
--提交事务
commit;
--查看表中数据(=能查到(1,1)、(3,3)，(2,2)被回滚)
select * from savepoint_test;
--删除测试表savepoint_test
drop table savepoint_test;
--------exception
create type type_test as (a int,b int);
create or replace procedure p1
as
c int;
begin
select a into c from type_test;
exception
when others then
raise 'NULL' ;
end;
/
call p1();
/* ***************************************************** 以下命令为 linux 命令 ************************************************** */
--- su 命令切换到数据库用户 gbase，如果当前用户已为 gbase 用户，则忽略此条命令。
su - gbase
--- linux 命令：在安装节点（即执行gha_ctl start/stop 所在的节点） 执行 gs_guc 命令 修改数据库参数
gs_guc reload -Z coordinator -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z datanode -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z gtm -N all -I all -c "enable_incremental_checkpoint=off"
gs_guc reload -Z coordinator -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
gs_guc reload -Z datanode -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
gs_guc reload -Z gtm -N all -I all -c "enable_gbase_mot=on"
--- linux 命令：重启数据库加载数据库参数
gha_ctl stop all -l http://192.168.1.2:2379
gha_ctl start all -l http://192.168.1.2:2379
--- linux 命令：gsql 使用默认端口 连接数据库
gsql -d postgres -r -p 15432
/* ****************************************************** 以下都为sql命令 ******************************************************* */
--- gsql 连接成功后，将以下 sql 逐条在gsql中执行，进行验证。（若使用dbeaver工具，dbeaver 连接成功后，复制粘贴以下sql 执行进行验证）
---------存储引擎
---astore
drop table if exists test_astore_row ;
drop table if exists test_astore_column ;
drop foreign table if exists test_astore_mot ;
--- 创建 astore 行存表
create table test_astore_row(col text) with (orientation=row) ;
--- 创建 astore 列存表
create table test_astore_column(col text) with (orientation=column);
--- 创建 astore 内存表
create foreign table test_astore_mot(col int) server mot_server ;
---ustore
drop table if exists test_ustore ;
create table test_ustore(col text)with(storage_type=ustore);
--- GBase 8c的数据分片策略：在创建表时，通过关键字distribute/replication 来设置表分片策略。
--- 1：通过distribute by hash 创建 hash 分片表，将数据通过hash算法 均匀存储到每个数据节点。创建hash分片
drop table if exists t1_dis ;
CREATE TABLE t1_dis(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY hash(c1);
--- 2：通过distribute by replication 创建 复制表，每个数据节点都会存储一份数据。
drop table if exists t1_rep ;
CREATE TABLE t1_rep(c1 int, c2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY replication;
-- 分区表
-- 一级 hash 分区
drop table if exists mea_hash cascade;
create table mea_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int ) partition by hash(id) ( partition p1 , partition p2 );
--二级分区 hash-list,hash-hash, hash-range
drop table if exists mea_hash_list cascade;
create table mea_hash_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 (subpartition p12 values (10),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
drop table if exists mea_hash_hash cascade;
create table mea_hash_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 (subpartition p12 ,subpartition p13) );
drop table if exists mea_hash_range cascade;
create table mea_hash_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by hash(id) subpartition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 (subpartition p12 values less than ('2021-02-04 12:00:00'),subpartition p13 values less than ('2021-02-04 20:00:00') ));
-- 一级 range 分区
drop table if exists mea_range cascade;
create table mea_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp) partition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 values less than ('2021-01-01') );
--二级 range-range, range-hash,range-list
drop table if exists mea_range_range cascade;
create table mea_range_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by range(id) ( partition meas_y2021 values less than ('2021-02-04 21:00:00') (subpartition p12 values less than (1),subpartition p13 values less than (10) ));
drop table if exists mea_range_hash cascade;
create table mea_range_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 values less than ('2021-02-01 01:00:00') (subpartition p12,subpartition p13) );
drop table if exists mea_range_list cascade;
create table mea_range_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by range(logdate) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 values less than ('2021-02-01 01:00:00') (subpartition p12 values (1),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
-- 一级 list 分区
drop table if exists mea_list cascade;
create table mea_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int ) partition by list(id) ( partition p1 values (1), partition p2 values (2) );
--期望支持.成功执行
-- 二级 list-list,list-range,list-hash 分区
drop table if exists mea_list_list cascade;
create table mea_list_list ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by list(city_id) ( partition p1 values (1) (subpartition p12 values (10),subpartition p13 values (20) ));
drop table if exists mea_list_range cascade;
create table mea_list_range ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by range(logdate) ( partition meas_y2021 values ('202102') (subpartition p12 values less than ('2021-02-04 12:00:00'),subpartition p13 values less than ('2021-02-04 20:00:00') ));
drop table if exists mea_list_hash cascade;
create table mea_list_hash ( city_id int,logdate timestamp,id int) partition by list(id) subpartition by hash(city_id) ( partition id_1 values (2021) (subpartition p12,subpartition p13) );
------------数据库分区查看
with RECURSIVE temp_partition as(
SELECT t1.oid, t1.relname, partstrategy, boundaries,t1.parttype FROM pg_partition t1, pg_class t2 WHERE t1.parentid = t2.oid AND t2.relname = 'mea_hash_hash'
union
SELECT t1.oid, t1.relname, t1.partstrategy, t1.boundaries,t1.parttype FROM pg_partition t1 join temp_partition t2 on t1.parentid = t2.oid where t2.parttype='p')
select t1.relname, t1.partstrategy, t1.boundaries,t1.parttype from temp_partition t1;
--- 自动分区功能，请注意：创建分表时，子分区必须要有一个 大于当前时间 2小时的 分区。时间需按照实际时间 进行修改。
create table range_auto_1hour_tb01(id int,ip text,time timestamp) with(PERIOD='1 hour') partition by range(time)( partition p1 values less than ('2023-02-23 19:00'));
select * from dba_tab_partitions where table_name = 'RANGE_AUTO_1HOUR_TB01';
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(1,'12','2023-2-18 09:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-18 10:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-19 18:00:00');
insert into range_auto_1hour_tb01 values(2,'10','2023-2-19 19:00:00');
--多种索引
--hash 索引
create table rw_split(col int,name text);
insert into rw_split select generate_series(1,50000), md5(random()::text)::text;
create index rw_split_col_hash on rw_split using hash(col);
explain select * from rw_split where col =2;
-----------------btree 索引
drop index rw_split_col_hash;
create index rw_split_col_btree on rw_split using btree(col);
explain select * from rw_split where col =2;
---------------gist 索引
drop table if exists t_gist;
create table t_gist(id int,p point);
insert into t_gist select generate_series(1,10000),point(round((random()*1000)::numeric,2),round((random()*1000)::numeric,2));
select * from t_gist limit 2;
create index on t_gist using gist(p);
explain (analyze,buffers) select * from t_gist where circle '((100,100) 1)' @> p order by p <-> '(100,100)' limit 10; ---在 100，100 点，半径10 以内的点。
---------------gin索引
drop table if exists t_gin;
create table t_gin(doc text, doc_tsv tsvector);
insert into t_gin(doc) values
('Can a sheet slitter slit sheets?'),
('How many sheets could a sheet slitter slit?'),
('I slit a sheet, a sheet I slit.'),
('Upon a slitted sheet I sit.'),
('Whoever slit the sheets is a good sheet slitter.'),
('I am a sheet slitter.'),
('I slit sheets.'),
('I am the sleekest sheet slitter that ever slit sheets.'),
('She slits the sheet she sits on.');
update t_gin set doc_tsv = to_tsvector(doc);
create index on t_gin using gin(doc_tsv);
--- 为了效果，手动关闭顺序扫描。
set enable_seqscan=off;
explain(costs off) select doc from t_gin where doc_tsv @@ to_tsquery('many & slitter');
--------------表达式索引
create table test_expression(col int, name varchar(64));
insert into test_expression select 1,'ASDD';
insert into test_expression select 2,'ASDD';
insert into test_expression select 3,'AS';
insert into test_expression select 4,'ASsda';
insert into test_expression select 5,'ASdssa';
insert into test_expression select 6,'Asds';
insert into test_expression select 7,'Assa';
insert into test_expression select 8,'as';
explain select * from test_expression where lower(name) ='as';
create index on test_expression (name);
create index test_expression_lower on test_expression (lower(name));
explain select * from test_expression where lower(name) ='as';
-----------数据压缩
---- 行存压缩
drop table if exists test_row_compress;
create table test_row_compress(col text);
insert into test_row_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_row_compress'));
drop table if exists test_row_compress;
create table test_row_compress(col text) with (compresstype = 2,compress_level= 3);
insert into test_row_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_row_compress'));
---- 列存压缩
drop table test_column_compress;
create table test_column_compress(col text) with (orientation=column,compression=no);
insert into test_column_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_column_compress'));
drop table test_column_compress;
create table test_column_compress(col text) with (orientation=column,compression=high);
insert into test_column_compress select md5(random()::text) from generate_series(1,1000000);
select * from pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size('test_column_compress'));
----------------------子事务
-----自治事务
create table t2(a int,b int); insert into t2 values(1,2); select * from t2;
create or replace procedure autonomus_4(a int ,b int) as
declare
num3 int =a; num4 int =b;
pragma autonomous_transaction;
begin insert into t2 values (num3,num4); end;
/
create or replace procedure autonomus_5(a int ,b int) as
declare
begin insert into t2 values (444,55);autonomus_4(a,b);rollback; end;
/
select autonomus_5(11,22);
select * from t2;
-----------savepoint
--设置保存点
--创建表
drop table if exists savepoint_test;
create table savepoint_test(a int primary key,b int) ;
--开始事务
start transaction;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(1,2);
--创建保存点
savepoint test_savepoint;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(2,2);
--查看表中数据
select * from savepoint_test;
--回滚保存点
rollback to savepoint test_savepoint;
--查看表中数据(只能查到(1,1)，(2,2)被回滚)
select * from savepoint_test;
--插入数据
insert into savepoint_test values(3,3);
--提交事务
commit;
--查看表中数据(=能查到(1,1)、(3,3)，(2,2)被回滚)
select * from savepoint_test;
--删除测试表savepoint_test
drop table savepoint_test;
--------exception
create type type_test as (a int,b int);
create or replace procedure p1
as
c int;
begin
select a into c from type_test;
exception
when others then
raise 'NULL' ;
end;
/
call p1();